References

Alary, V., J. Lasseur, A. Frija, and D. Gautier. 2022. “Assessing the Sustainability of Livestock Socio-Ecosystems in the Drylands Through a Set of Indicators.” Agricultural Systems 198: 103389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2022.103389.
Alloush, M., and M. Carter. 2024. “On the Definition and Estimation of Economic Resilience Using Counterfactuals.” NBER Working Papers. National Bureau of Economic Research.
Angel, S., F. Disslbacher, S. Humer, and M. Schnetzer. 2019. “What Did You Really Earn Last Year?: Explaining Measurement Error in Survey Income Data.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 182: 1411–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12463.
Anuga, S. W., N. Chirinda, D. Nukpezah, A. Ahenkan, N. Andrieu, and C. Gordon. 2020. “Towards Low Carbon Agriculture: Systematic-Narratives of Climate-Smart Agriculture Mitigation Potential in Africa.” Current Research in Environmental Sustainability 2: 100015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsust.2020.100015.
AssureWel. 2018a. “Dairy Cattle Assessment Protocol.”
———. 2018b. “Welfare Outcome Assessment Scoresheet - Dairy Cattle.”
———. 2023. “Dairy Cattle Welfare Outcome Assessment - Explanation of Measures.”
Bahadori, M., and H. Tofighi. 2016. “A Modified Walkley-Black Method Based on Spectrophotometric Procedure.” Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 47: 213–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2015.1118118.
Bell, P., N. Namoi, C. Lamanna, C. Corner-Dolloff, E. H. Girvetz, C. L. Thierfelder, and T. S. Rosenstock. 2018. “A Practical Guide to Climate-Smart Agriculture Technologies in Africa.”
Biancalani, R., and M. Marinelli. 2021. “Assessing SDG Indicator 6.4.2 ‘Level of Water Stress’ at Major Basins Level.” UCL Open Environment 3. https://doi.org/10.14324/111.444/ucloe.000026.
Carletto, C. 2021. “Better Data, Higher Impact: Improving Agricultural Data Systems for Societal Change.” European Review of Agricultural Economics 48: 719–40. https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbab030.
Carletto, G., M. Tiberti, and A. Zezza. 2022. “Measure for Measure: Comparing Survey Based Estimates of Income and Consumption for Rural Households.” World Bank Research Observer 37: 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkab009.
Carter, M. R., and C. B. Barrett. 2006. “The Economics of Poverty Traps and Persistent Poverty: An Asset-Based Approach.” Journal of Development Studies 42: 178–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380500405261.
Cerqua, A., M. Letta, and F. Menchetti. 2024. “Causal Inference and Policy Evaluation Without a Control Group.” https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4315389.
Dobermann, A. 2007. Nutrient Use Efficiency – Measurement and Management. Paris, France: International Fertilizer Industry Association.
Dutilly, C., V. Alary, P. Bonnet, M. Lesnoff, P. Fandamu, and C. de Haan. 2020. “Multi-Scale Assessment of the Livestock Sector for Policy Design in Zambia.” Journal of Policy Modeling 42: 401–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2019.07.004.
EU Nitrogen Expert Panel. 2016. “Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) - Guidance Document for Assessing NUE at Farm Level.” Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen University.
Falkingham, J., and C. Namazie. 2002. “Measuring Health and Poverty: A Review of Approaches to Identifying the Poor.” Department for International Development Health Systems Resource Centre.
FAO. 2010. “Agri-Gender Database. A Statistical Toolkit for the Production of Sex-Disaggregated Agricultural Data. Questionnaire Components. Data Item 5: Labour and Time-Use.” Accra, Ghana.
———. 2016. “Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis-II.” Food; Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
———. 2019. TAPE Tool for Agroecology Performance Evaluation 2019 - Process of Development and Guidelines for Application. Test Version.” Rome.
Garibaldi, L. A., L. A. Schulte, F. J. Oddi, M. C. Orr, F. E. Miguez, C. Kremen, E. G. Jobbágy, et al. 2020. “Working Landscapes Need at Least 20% Native Habitat,” 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12773.
Gbenou, G. X., A. Mohamed Habibou, Z. Nouhoun, B. Bois, T. Kiendrebeogo, C. Martin, S. Sanogo, D. Bastianelli, and L. Dossa. 2022. “Emission of Enteric Methane in Cold Dry Season in Sudanian Peulh Zebus in West Africa.” In.
Gelman, F., R. Binstock, and L. Halicz. n.d. “Application of the Walkley–Black Titration for the Organic Carbon Quantification in Organic Rich Sedimentary Rocks.” Fuel 96: 608–10.
Hicks, D. M., P. Ouvrard, K. C. R. Baldock, M. Baude, M. A. Goddard, W. E. Kunin, N. Mitschunas, et al. 2016. “Food for Pollinators: Quantifying the Nectar and Pollen Resources of Urban Flower Meadows.” PLOS ONE 11: e0158117. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158117.
Hristov, A. N., J. Oh, F. Giallongo, T. Frederick, H. Weeks, P. R. Zimmerman, M. T. Harper, R. A. Hristova, R. S. Zimmerman, and A. F. Branco. 2015. “The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals.” Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE, 52904. https://doi.org/10.3791/52904.
Hristov, A. N., T. Ott, J. Tricarico, A. Rotz, G. Waghorn, A. Adesogan, J. Dijkstra, et al. 2013. SPECIAL TOPICS — Mitigation of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Animal Operations: III. A Review of Animal Management Mitigation Options.” Journal of Animal Science 91: 5095–5113. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6585.
IDH. 2021. “Income Measurement Survey User Guide.”
International Well-being Group. 2024. “Personal Wellbeing Index - Adult (6th Ed.).” Geelong: Australian Centre on Quality of Life, School of Psychology, Deakin University – Melbourne Campus.
Jones, S. K., N. Estrada-Carmona, S. D. Juventia, M. E. Dulloo, M.-A. Laporte, C. Villani, and R. Remans. 2021. “Agrobiodiversity Index Scores Show Agrobiodiversity Is Underutilized in National Food Systems.” Nature Food 2: 712–23. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00344-3.
Landmann, T., M. Schmitt, B. Ekim, J. Villinger, F. Ashiono, J. C. Habel, and H. E. Z. Tonnang. 2023. “Insect Diversity Is a Good Indicator of Biodiversity Status in Africa.” Communications Earth & Environment 4: 234. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00896-1.
MacLeod, M. J., M. R. Hasan, D. H. F. Robb, and M. Mamun-Ur-Rashid. 2020. “Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Global Aquaculture.” Scientific Reports 10: 11679. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68231-8.
Markowitz, H. 1952. “Portfolio Selection.” The Journal of Finance 7: 77–91. https://doi.org/10.2307/2975974.
Mohamed, A., F. DeClerck, P. H. Verburg, D. Obura, J. F. Abrams, N. Zafra-Calvo, J. Rocha, et al. 2024. “Securing Nature’s Contributions to People Requires at Least 20%–25% (Semi-)natural Habitat in Human-Modified Landscapes.” One Earth 7: 59–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2023.12.008.
Navarro, L. M., N. Fernández, C. Guerra, R. Guralnick, W. D. Kissling, M. C. Londoño, F. Muller-Karger, et al. 2017. “Monitoring Biodiversity Change Through Effective Global Coordination.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 29: 158–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2018.02.005.
Nelson, D. W., and L. E. Sommers. 1996. “Total Carbon, Organic Carbon, and Organic Matter.” In Methods of Soil Analysis, 961–1010. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.3.c34.
Nicholls, C. I., M. A. Altieri, A. Dezanet, M. Lana, D. Feistauer, and M. Ouriques. 2004. “A Rapid, Farmer-Friendly Agroecological Method to Estimate Soil Quality and Crop Health in Vineyard Systems.” Biodynamics, 33–40.
O’Connor, R. S., W. E. Kunin, M. P. D. Garratt, S. G. Potts, H. E. Roy, C. Andrews, C. M. Jones, et al. 2019. “Monitoring Insect Pollinators and Flower Visitation: The Effectiveness and Feasibility of Different Survey Methods.” Methods in Ecology and Evolution 10: 2129–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13292.
OECD. 2013. OECD Guidelines on Measuring Subjective Well-Being. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation; Development.
OECD, and Eurostat. 2014. Eurostat-OECD Methodological Guide for Developing Producer Price Indices for Services. 2nd ed. OECD Publishing.
Parvathi, P., and T. T. Nguyen. 2018. “Is Environmental Income Reporting Evasive in Household Surveys? Evidence from Rural Poor in Laos.” Ecological Economics 143: 218–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.07.022.
Petesch, P., and R. Bullock. 2018. “Ladder of Power and Freedom: A Qualitative Data Collection Tool to Understand Local Perceptions of Agency and Decision-Making.” CDMX, Mexico: GENNOVATE resources for scientists; research teams.
Rosenstock, T. S., M. Mpanda, D. E. Pelster, K. Butterbach-Bahl, M. C. Rufino, M. Thiong’o, P. Mutuo, et al. 2016. “Greenhouse Gas Fluxes from Agricultural Soils of Kenya and Tanzania.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 121: 1568–80. https://doi.org/10.1038/175238c0.
Ross, S. R. P.-J., D. P. O’Connell, J. L. Deichmann, C. Desjonquères, A. Gasc, J. N. Phillips, S. S. Sethi, C. M. Wood, and Z. Burivalova. 2023. “Passive Acoustic Monitoring Provides a Fresh Perspective on Fundamental Ecological Questions.” Functional Ecology 37: 959–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14275.
Sustainability Directory. 2025. “What Are Key Indicators of Energy Security?” https://energy.sustainability-directory.com/question/what-are-key-indicators-of-energy-security/.
Tavenner, K., and T. A. Crane. 2022. “Hitting the Target and Missing the Point? On the Risks of Measuring Women’s Empowerment in Agricultural Development.” Agriculture and Human Values 39: 849–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-021-10290-2.
Thornton, P. K., T. Rosenstock, W. Förch, C. Lamanna, P. Bell, B. Henderson, and M. Herrero. 2018. “A Qualitative Evaluation of CSA Options in Mixed Crop-Livestock Systems in Developing Countries.” In Climate Smart Agriculture: Building Resilience to Climate Change, edited by L. Lipper, N. McCarthy, D. Zilberman, S. Asfaw, and G. Branca, 385–423. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61194-5_17.
Upton, J., S. Constenla-Villoslada, and C. B. Barrett. 2022. “Caveat Utilitor: A Comparative Assessment of Resilience Measurement Approaches.” Journal of Development Economics 157: 102873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2022.102873.
Vliet, M. T. H. van, E. R. Jones, M. Flörke, W. H. P. Franssen, N. Hanasaki, Y. Wada, and J. R. Yearsley. 2021. “Global Water Scarcity Including Surface Water Quality and Expansions of Clean Water Technologies.” Environmental Research Letters 16: 024020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abbfc3.
Walkley, A., and I. A. Black. 1934. “An Examination of the Degtjareff Method for Determining Soil Organic Matter and a Proposed Modification of the Chromic Acid Titration Method.” Soil Science 37: 29–38.
WHO. 2024. “Promoting Well-Being.” https://www.who.int/activities/promoting-well-being.